Monday, March 17, 2014

Present tense (वर्तमान काल)

काल यानि tense । काल मुख्य रूप से 3 तरह है - Present tense (वर्तमान काल), Past tense (भुत काल) और Future tense (भविष्य काल) । यहाँ हम Present tense (वर्तमान काल) पर चर्चा करते है ।
अंग्रेजी में Present tense (वर्तमान काल) को 4 भेदों में बांटा गया है , उदाहरण:
1 . Rahim plays (रहीम खेलता है)
यहाँ verb यानि क्रिया वर्तमान काल कि तो है किन्तु काल निश्चित नहीं है / यह पता नहीं कि कब पढता है?

2. Rahim is playing (रहीम खेल रहा है)
यहाँ Present tense (वर्तमान काल) कि क्रिया चल रही है ।

3. Rahim has played (रहीम खेला है)
यहाँ क्रिया हो चुकी है लेकिन उसे अधिक समय नहीं बीता ।

4. Rahim has been playing (since morning) [रहीम (सुबह से) खेल रहा है]
यहाँ क्रिया एक निश्चित समय से चल रही है ।

वर्तमान काल में उपयोग होने वाले कुछ शब्द है:
Some words used for Present tense are: Is/ Are/Am, Do/Does, Has/Have, Has been/Have been

Examples:
Do/Does
Do you read English? - क्या तुम अंग्रेजी पढ़ते हो?
Yes I do. - हा, मई अंग्रेजी पढता हु
Does Swapnil come to your house? - क्या स्वप्निल  है?
Yes, he comes sometimes. हा, वह कभी कभी आता है। 
Do other friends also come to you? क्या दूसरे दोस्त भी तुम्हारे पास आते है?
Yes, others also come. हां, दूसरे दोस्त भी मेरे पास आते है । 
Do you stay in Ratlam? क्या तुम रतलाम में रहते हो?
No, I stay in Indoor. नहीं, मैं इंदौर में रहता हु। 
 
Is/ Are/Am
Is this book you are looking for? - क्या तुम यही किताब ढूंढ रहे हो?
Yes it is. - हां, मैं इसी किताब को ढूंढ रहा हु
Is Radha reading the same book? - क्या राधा वही किताब पढ़ रही है?
No, that is different one. - नहीं, वह दूसरी किताब है 
Are you not going to market now? - क्या तुम अब बाज़ार नहीं जा रहे हो?
No, I am not. - नहीं, अब मैं बाज़ार नहीं जा रहा हु 
Is your father in Government service? - क्या तुम्हारे पिताजी सरकारी नौकरी करते है?
No he is a shopkeeper. - नहीं, वह दुकानदार है 
Is your sister preparing for some examination? - क्या तुम्हारी बहन किसी परीक्षा कि तैयारी कर रही है?
Yes she is preparing for U.P.S.C. Examination. - हा, वह U.P.S.C. परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रही है

Has / Have
Have you written any letter to Geeta? - क्या तुमने गीता को कोई पत्र लिखा है?
Yes, I have written to her. - हाँ, मैंने उसे लिखा है 
Has she replied to your letter? - क्या उसने तुम्हारे पत्र का उत्तर दिया है?
No, she hasn’t. - नहीं, उसने नहीं दिया 
Have you taken your meals? - क्या तुमने खाना खा लिया है?
No, I had a heavy breakfast in the morning. - नहीं, सुबह मैंने भारी नाश्ता किया था 
Did you go to his place? - क्या तुम उसके घर गए थे?
No, I have yet to go. - नहीं अभी मुझे जाना है 

Has been / Have been
Has it been raining here also since yesterday? - क्या कल से यहाँ भी बरसात हो रही है?
Yes, it has been raining, but intermittently. - हाँ, हो तो रही है लेकिन रुक रुक कर 
Has the water been boiling for long? - क्या पानी काफी देर से उबाल रहा है?
Yes it has been boiling since last 30 minutes. - हां, वह पिछले 30 मिनट से उबाल रहा है
What have you been doing since morning? - तुम सुबह से क्या कर रहे हो?
I have been reading English book since morning. - मैं सुबह से अंग्रेजी कि किताब पढ़ रहा हु

Some commonly used sentences (कुछ वाक्य) Part-2

How dare you say that!
ऐसा कहने की तुम्हारी हिम्मत कैसे हुई

How lovely!
कितना सुन्दर

How sweet!
क्या खूब

How dare he!
उसकी हिम्मत

How absurd!
बड़ी फ़िज़ूल की बात

How disgraceful!
कितने अपमान की बात

How terrible!
कितना भयानक

How sad!
बड़े दुःख कि बात

How joyful!
कितनी ख़ुशी कि बात

What a great victory!
कितनी बड़ी जीत

Of course!
बेशक

My God!
हाय

Well done!
शाबाश

Marvelous!
वाह वाह

Thank God!
भगवान् को धन्यवाद

By God’s grace!
भगवान् की कृपा से

May God bless you!
भगवान् आपको आशीर्वाद दे

Stop
रुको

Speak
बोलो

Listen
सुनो

Wait here
यहाँ रुको

Come here
इधर आओ

Look here
इधर देखो

Take it
यह लो

Come near
पास में आओ

Wait outside
बाहर इंतज़ार करो

Go up
ऊपर जाओ

Go down
निचे जाओ

Get off
उतर जाओ

Be ready
तैयार हो जाओ

Get ready
तैयार हो जाओ

Keep quit
चुप रहो

Be careful
सावधान रहो

Go slowly
धीरे चलो

Go at once
तुरंत जाओ

Go away
चले जाओ

Clean properly
ढंग से साफ़ करो

Don’t go
मत जाओ

Don’t forget
मत भूलो

Don’t Break it
इसे मत तोड़ो

Don’t trouble me
मुझे मत सताओ

Try again
फिर कोशिश करो

Go ahead
आप शुरू कीजिये

Carry on
करते जाओ

Don’t move
हिलो मत 

Friday, March 14, 2014

Some commonly used sentences (कुछ वाक्य) Part-1

What is you Name?
आपका नाम क्या है?

May I know your good name please?
क्या मै आपका शुभ नाम जान सकता हु?

May I have your pen please?
क्या मै आपका पेन ले सकता हूँ?

Please give me a glass of water.
कृपया मुझे एक गिलास पानी दीजिये।

What is the time please?
कृपया समय क्या हुआ है?

It’s all right.
ठीक है

Thank you.
धन्यवाद

You are welcome.
आपका स्वागत है

It’s fine.
यहाँ ठीक है

My pleasure
मेरा सौभाग्य

I’m sorry
में क्षमा प्रार्थी हूँ

Sorry to have disturbed you.
आपकी शान्ति भंग करने के लिए क्षमाप्रार्थी हूँ 

I beg your pardon.
कृपया वापिस बोलिये

Allow me to say.
मुझे बोलने दीजिये

It’s all yours.
यह सब आपका है

Will you please permit me to speak?
कृपया क्या आप मुझे बोलने कि अनुमति देंगे?

Let me also help you.
मुझे भी आपकी मदद करने दीजिये

Will you please move a bit?
कृपया क्या आप थोड़े सरकेंगे?

Will you please speak slowly?
कृपया क्या आप धीरे बोलेंगे?

Please will you let me to sit?
कृपया क्या आप मुझे बैठने देंगे?

I apologize for my mistake
मै अपनी गलती के लिए क्षमा माँगता हु

Excuse me please
क्षमा करना

Please may I go to toilet?
कृपया क्या मैं टॉयलेट जा सकता हूँ ?

Please may I come in?
कृपया क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हु?

Thursday, March 13, 2014

Uses of Tenses (काल का उपयोग)

Tenses can be mainly divided into:
Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
Past Tense (भुत काल)
Future Tense (भविष्य काल)

Again each of these can be further divided into

Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect continuous

उदाहरण

1. I love.मैं प्यार करता हूँ (Simple Present)
2. I am loving.मैं प्यार कर रहा हूँ  (Present Continuous)
3. I have loved.मैंने प्यार किया (Present Perfect)
4. I have been loving.मैं प्यार करता आ रहा हूँ  (Present Perfect Continuous)

1. I loved.मैंने प्यार किया (Simple Past)
2. I was loving.मैं प्यार करता था  (Past Continuous)
3. 1 had loved.मैंने प्यार किया था(Past Perfect)
4. I had been loving.मैं प्यार करता आ रहा था (Past Perfect Continuous)

1. I shall/will love.मैं प्यार करूँगा (Simple Future)
2. I shall/will be loving.मैं प्यार करता रहूँगा (Future Continuous)
3. I shall/will have loved.मैं प्यार करता ही रहूँगा (Future Perfect)
4. I shall/will have been loving.मैं (हमेशा)प्यार करता ही रहूँगा (Future Perfect Continuous)

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE (कर्तृवाच्य एवं कर्मवाच्य)

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE:
Example:
Sentence 1 = Rama helps Hari.(राम हरी की मदद करता है) (Active voice)
Sentence 2 = Hari is helped by Rama (राम के द्वारा हरी की मदद कि गई) (Passive voice)

A verb is in the Active Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 1) that the person or thing denoted by the Subject is the doer of the action.
वाक्य १ के अनुसार Active voice तब होती है जब subject क्रिया करता है

A Verb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 2) that something is done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject.
वाक्य 2  के अनुसार Passive  voice तब होती है जब कोई क्रिया subject के ऊपर कि जाती है

Examples:

Active. - They use video for teaching the students.
Passive.- Video is used for teaching the students.

Active.- One should keep one's promises.
Passive.- Promises should be kept.

Active.- When will you return the book?
Passive.- When will the book be returned?

Active.- Someone has picked my pocket.
Passive.- My pocket has been picked.

Active.- Circumstances will oblige me to go.
Passive.- I shall be obliged to go
***************

Exercise
Sr
Active Voice
Passive Voice
1
The cat killed the mouse
 The mouse was killed by the cat
2
The man cut down the tree
 The tree was cut down by the man
3
Columbus discovered America
 America was discovered by Columbus
4
His teacher praised him
 He was praised by his teacher
5
The boy teased the dog
 The dog was teased by the boy
6
The syce feeds the horse every day
 The horse is fed by the syce every day
7
The police arrested him
 He was arrested by the police
8
Rama was making a kite
 A kite was made by Rama
9
The boy caught the ball
 The ball was caught by the boy
10
My father will write a letter
 A letter will be written by my father
11
Hari opened the door
 The door was opened by Hari
12
I will conquer him
 He will be conquered by me
13
Sohrab threw the ball
 The ball was thrown by Sohrab
14
He scored twenty runs
 Twenty runs were scored by him
15
He made a very remarkable discovery
 A very remarkable discovery was made by  him
16
Dhondu will bring the pony
 The pony will be brought by Dhondu
17
Everyone loves him
 He is loved by everyone
18
His own brother swindled him
 He is swindled by his own brother
19
The enemy have defeated our army
 Our army has been defeated by enemy
20
We prohibit smoking
 Smoking is prohibited by us

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives (मूल - अपेक्षाकृत एवं उत्तमता सूचक शब्द)

Positive -- Comparative -- Superlative
मूल - अपेक्षाकृत - उत्तमता सूचक
Tall -- taller -- tallest
Bold -- bolder -- boldest
Clever -- cleverer -- cleverest
Kind -- kinder -- kindest
Young -- younger -- youngest

White -- whiter -- whitest
Large -- larger -- largest
Easy -- easier -- easiest
Heavy -- heavier -- heaviest
Merry -- merrier -- merriest

Beautiful -- more beautiful -- most beautiful
Difficult -- more difficult -- most difficult

Ex: Rama is braver than Raju.

Good, well -- better -- best
Bad, evil, ill -- worse -- worst
Little -- less, lesser -- least
Much -- more -- most (quantity)
Many -- more -- most (number)
Late -- later, latter -- latest, last
Old -- older, elder -- oldest, eldest
Far -- farther -- farthest

Ex:
Tom is my eldest son.
He is older than his sister.
Mumbai is the seaport nearest to Europe.
Where is the nearest phone box?
Karim's shop is next to the Post Office.
My uncle lives in the next house.

Number (Singular & Plural) (एकवचन और बहुवचन)

A Noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular Number. Ex: Boy, girl etc.
वह संज्ञा जो किसी एक व्यक्ति या वास्तु के लिए प्रयोग कि जाती है, एकवचन कहलाती है

A Noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the Plural Number. Ex: Boys, girls etc.
वह संज्ञा जो किसी एक से अधिक व्यक्ति या वास्तु के लिए प्रयोग कि जाती है, बहुवचन कहलाती है

Forming the Plurals (बहुवचन बनाना)
एकवचन में "s" जोड़कर
boy, boys;
pen, pens;
girl, girls;
desk, desks;
book, books;
cow, cows

Nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch (soft), or -x form the plural by adding -es to the
singular; Ex:
-s, -sh, -ch (soft) या -x से ख़त्म होने वाली संज्ञा में es जोड़कर, जैसे
class, classes;
kiss, kisses;
dish, dishes;
brush, brushes;
match, matches;
watch, watches;
branch, branches;
tax, taxes;
box, boxes

Nouns ending in -o also form the plural by adding -es to the singular ; ex:
o से ख़त्म होने वाली संज्ञा में es जोड़कर, जैसे
buffalo, buffaloes;
mango, mangoes;
hero, heroes;
potato, potatoes;
cargo, cargoes,
echo, echoes;
negro, negroes;
volcano, valcanoes.

A few nouns ending in -o merely add -s; ex:
o से ख़त्म होने वाली कुछ संज्ञा में s जोड़कर, जैसे
dynamo, dynamos;
solo, solos;
ratio, ratios;
canto, cantos;
memento, mementos;
quarto, quartos;
piano, pianos;
photo, photos

Nouns ending in -y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing -y into -i
and adding -es; ex:
संज्ञा जिनके अंत में y  आता हो एवं y से पहले consonant अत हो ऐसे y को i में बदलकर और उसके बाद es जोड़कर, जैसे
baby, babies;
lady, ladies;
city, cities;
army, armies;
story, stories;
pony, ponies

Nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing -f or -fe into v
and adding -es ; as,
संज्ञा जिनके अंत में f या fe अत हो ऐसे f या fe को v  में बदलकर और उसके बाद es लगाकर, जैसे
thief, thieves;
wife, wives;
wolf, wolves;
life, lives;
calf, calves;

Some other examples:
कुछ और उदहारण
dwarfs or dwarves;
hoofs or hooves

GENDER (लिंग)

A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender. Ex: Lion, Hero.
(पुल्लिंग को दर्शाने वाली संज्ञा या सर्वनाम)

A noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the Feminine Gender.Ex: Lioness, Heroine.
(स्त्रीलिंग को दर्शाने वाली संज्ञा या सर्वनाम)

A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender. Ex: Parent, child, friend, pupil, servant, thief, relation, enemy, cousin, person, orphan, student, baby, monarch, neighbour etc.
(स्त्रीलिंग या पुल्लिंग दोनों को दर्शाने वाली संज्ञा या सर्वनाम)

A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender. Ex: Pen, room, tree, book etc.
(नपुंसक शब्द को दर्शाने वाली संज्ञा या सर्वनाम)

********

There are three ways of forming the Feminine of Nouns
पुल्लिंग को स्त्रीलिंग में तीन तरीको से बदला जा सकता है

1. By using an entirely different word; as
पूर्णरूप से दूसरा शब्द का उपयोग कर, जैसे
Masculine -- Feminine
Bachelor -- maid, spinster
Boy -- girl
Brother -- sister
Bull (or ox) -- cow
Bullock -- heifer
Cock -- hen
Dog -- bitch
Drake -- duck
Horse -- mare
Husband -- wife
King -- queen
Lord -- lady
Man -- woman
Sir -- madam
Son -- daughter
Uncle -- aunt

(2) By adding a syllable (-ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc) as,
-ess, -ine, -trix, -a इत्यादि का प्रयोग करके, जैसे
Masculine -- Feminine
Author -- authoress
Count -- countess
Giant -- giantess
Heir -- heiress
Host -- hostess
Jew -- Jewess
Lion -- lioness
Manager -- manageress
Founder -- foundress
Hunter -- huntress
Instructor -- instructress
Duke -- duchess
Emperor -- empress
Preceptor -- preceptress
Prince -- princess
Murderer -- murderess

(3) By placing a word before or after; as,
पहले या बाद में दूसरा शब्द प्रयोग करके, जैसे
Masculine -- Feminine
Grandfather -- grandmother
Greatuncle -- greataunt
Manservant -- maidservant
Landlord -- landlady
milkman -- milkwoman
peacock -- peahen
salesman -- saleswoman
washerman -- washerwoman

Parts of speech (शब्द भेद)

There are 8 parts of speech named as below:
अंग्रेजी में 8 प्रकार के शब्द भेद होते है:
1. Noun (संज्ञा)
(किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान इत्यादि का नाम)
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing. Ex: I have a new mobile

2. Pronoun ((सर्वनाम)
(संज्ञा के स्थान पर उपयोग होने वाला शब्द)
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. Ex: Rahul is absent, because he is ill

3.Adjective (विशेषण)
(किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के बारे में वर्णन  वाला शब्द)
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun. Ex: Karan is a brave boy.

4.Verb(क्रिया)
(किसी कार्य करने की क्रिया बताने वाला शब्द)
aA Verb is a word used lo express an action or state. Ex: Sheena wrote a letter to her friend.

5.Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण)
(किसी क्रिया के बारे में वर्णन  वाला शब्द)
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb. Ex: He did the work quickly.

6. Preposition (पूर्वसर्ग)
(किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के साथ लगने वाला शब्द जो उस संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का किसी और के साथ का सम्बन्ध बताता है)
A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or
thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else. Ex: A fair little girl sat under a tree

7. Conjunction (संयोग)
(दो शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाला शब्द)
A Conjunction is a word used to join  two words or sentences. Ex: He ran fast but missed the train.

8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक)
(आश्चर्य प्रदर्शित करने वाला)
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feel ing (or "exclamation"). Ex: Hurrah! We have won the game.

9. Articles (एक शब्द वर्ग)
a, an, the

Determiners:
(संज्ञा के पहले आने वाला)
Determinersare words like a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two,
etc., which determine or limit the meaning of the nouns that follow.

Sentence (वाक्य)

वाक्य शब्दो का वह समूह है जो किसी तात्पर्य को परिभाषित करता है
Sentence is a group of words which make complete sense.

वाक्य के दो भाग होते है
1. Subject
2. Predicate

Every sentence has two parts:
(1) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about. This is called the
Subject of the sentence.
वाक्य का वह भाग जिसमे हम किसी व्यक्ति या वास्तु के बारे में बोलते है Subject कहलाता है
(2) The part which tells something about the Subject is called the Predicate of the
sentence
वाक्य का वह भाग जो Subject के बारे में बोलता है Predicate कहलाता है
Ex: Arjuna was a man of might
यहाँ "Arjuna" सब्जेक्ट है और "was a man of might" यह Predicate है |
सामान्यतः Subject पहले आता है लेकिन कई बार यह बाद में होता है जैसे
Here comes the bus.
Sweet are the uses of adversity
Imperative sentences में Subject छोड़ दिया जाता है जैसे
Sit down
Thank him

***************************************

वाक्य 4 प्रकार के होते है:
1) Declarative (घोषणा करने वाला या घोषणात्मक)
2) Interrogative(प्रश्नात्मक)
3) Imperative (आदेशसूचक) और
4) Exclamatory (विस्मयसूचक)

Declarative sentences (घोषणात्मक): in the English language are the sentences that form a statement;
उदाहरण
Tomorrow I will go to the store.
Yesterday I left school early.
I told her to wear the blue skirt.
She did not want to eat the pizza that I gave her.
We walked to the mall together.

Interrogative sentences (प्रश्नात्मक): in the English language are the sentences that form a question;
उदाहरण
What do you think I should wear the pink shoes or the white sneakers?
What did the teacher say to you yesterday?
Did you go to the movies yesterday?

Imperative sentences (आदेशसूचक): in the English language are the sentences that make a command or request;
उदाहरण
Get me some water.
Leave that cat alone.
Go to the store for me.
Bring me some ice.

Exclamatory sentences (विस्मयसूचक): in the English language are the sentences that attempt to powerful feelings, or emotions;
उदाहरण-
I'm leaving!
I can not wait to graduate!
I love you so much!
We beat that other team good!
I can't believe how tall giraffes really are!
I can't believe this, I am so upset!